2011;61(1):e10–4. 2004;5(4):333–52. • Paquette, D., Laporte, L., Bigras, M., & Zoccolillo, M. (2004). AW analyzed and interpreted the data and was a major contributor to the manuscript. Screening traumatic life events in preschool aged children: cultural adaptation of Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS) Caregiver-report 3-6 years version. Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson DM, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920. volume 16, Article number: 73 (2022) Graumann L, Heekerens JB, Duesenberg M, Metz S, Spitzer C, Otte C, Roepke S, Wingenfeld K. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. The following definitions for abuse and neglect are provided in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire:7. Child Maltreat. Therefore, on balance, the five-factor model did not fit well since only one of the indices (SRMR) met the assumptions for adequate fit. Besides mental disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and behavioral problems, consequences may include chronic somatic diseases [9] and may cause a high economic burden [8, 14]. Beaten so badly it was noticed by a teacher/neighbor/doctor. (1994). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ) is a 28-item, self-reported questionnaire administered to adolescents and adults to identify traumatic childhood conditions. While data on validation [13] and clinical cut-offs [12] were available, this is the first study to provide norm data and, more importantly, to examine the psychometric properties of the CTS in isolation from the CTQ. The data for this study were combined from two samples from 2013 and 2018 using identical methods and instruments. Article  BJPsych Open. Streiner DL. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1988. 3, 4, 5 What is the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)? 8600 Rockville Pike The relationship of psychological trauma and dissociative and posttraumatic stress disorders to nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidality: a review. Abstract Objective: The 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF) has been translated into at least 10 different languages. Sachser, C., Berliner, L., Holt, T., Jensen, T. K., Jungbluth, N., Risch, E., ... & Goldbeck, L. (2017). and transmitted securely. Correspondence to 1998;14(4):245–58. Dummy Text. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a widely used self-report assessment that measures exposure to five types of trauma. Therefore, combining the two samples could reconcile the differences in prevalence rates and lead to a more accurate estimate of CTS norms. Front Psych. The measure also includes a three-item Minimization . Hein TC, Monk CS. This questionnaire is designed to carry questions that helps a researcher identify, if a person has experienced any childhood trauma during the growing up years and what exactly is that trauma. Of particular interest, interviewers observed that some participants either denied most CTQ items or became emotionally “flooded” or agitated by the questions. 5 to 8). It would appear that these fluctuations are more likely to be due to normal statistical variation. numbers among the greatest philosophers. It can provide a global assessment of PTSD severity both at the time of diagnosis and over the course of treatment. (2002). Because of the ordinal nature of the data and non-normality, Kendall’s Tau was calculated. Adverse Childhood Experiences: Impact, Prevention, and Treatment. Got hit so hard that I had to see a doctor or go to the hospital. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Scoring Guidelines, Validity and Reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, detrimental impact on children’s emotional health, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4, https://thehumancondition.com/adverse-childhood-experiences/, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087118, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-66130-0.00012-0, Superbrain Yoga: Description and Benefits, Transcendental Meditation (TM) and its Effectiveness on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Child-Parent Psychotherapy: Overview, Benefits, and Effectiveness, Social Media Use and Mental Health in Youth, Inner-Child Work: Overview, Benefits, and Effectiveness, Internal Family Systems (IFS): What It Is, Background, and Benefits, Healing Trauma: Attachment, Mind, Body and Brain, Emotional Abuse: “verbal assaults on a child’s sense of worth or well-being or any humiliating or demeaning behavior directed toward a child by an adult or older person.”, Sexual Abuse: “sexual contact or conduct between a child younger than 18 years of age and an adult or older person.”, Physical Abuse: “bodily assaults on a child by an adult or older person that posed a risk of or resulted in injury.”. Herrenkohl RC, Herrenkohl TI. FOIA https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838004269486. He is in steering committee of Servier. Nonacceptance of emotional responses (NONACCEPTANCE) 2. Part of There are five statements under each subscale. Sample characteristics of the total sample and the two subsamples of 2013 and 2018 are presented in Table 1. Validation de la version française du CTQ et prévalence de l'histoire de maltraitance. The full versions of these dissertations can be found on ProQuest. The Adverse Childhood Experiences, or "ACEs," quiz was developed in the 1990s through research conducted by the CDC and Kaiser Permanente. To assess convergent validity, part of the sample also completed the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire (ACE-D, [31]. Dalla RL. Biases in random route surveys. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Thus, reactivation of an internal trauma dialectic (e.g., tension between numbing/avoidance and hyperarousal/intrusion; Herman, 1992) may have resulted in either the minimization or high endorsement of specific items on the CTQ. . 2012;6(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-35. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152 (9), 1329-1335. Additionally, a range of meta-analyses have documented the impact of child maltreatment on neurobiological alterations [15, 23, 24, 29, 30]. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Considering the brevity of the two subscales, the CTS total scale (α = 0.68) and the CTS abuse subscale (α = 0.73) showed acceptable internal consistencies. Google Scholar. The 20 PTSD symptom items are . Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., & Foote, J. University of Kentucky). To evaluate the dimensional structure of the CTS, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) was conducted. Yusuf Öz. I felt that someone in my family hated me. APA PsycTests. 111 West Jackson Blvd., Suite 1412 Two representative population-based surveys were conducted in 2013 and 2018 in a three-stage approach by a research institute (USUMA) using identical procedures. The five items of the CTS might show different psychometric properties when presented isolated compared to when presented in the context of the CTQ. Miller M, Paone D. Social network characteristics as mediators in the relationship between sexual abuse and HIV risk. Factor Loadings of CTQ Items from Exploratory Factor Analysis (N = 171). In the present study we sought to explore the psychometric properties of a verbal, face-to-face administration of the CTQ with a sample of female street-based sex workers. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. It is a retrospective survey, which means that teenagers or adults are asked to think back to the events of their childhood. The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. Dissertations Using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Percentiles indicate the subject’s rank compared to other subjects of the same age group and gender, using a hypothetical group of 100 subjects. Generally, based on more than 5000 participants from the German general population, our results demonstrate that the CTS, an ultrashort version of the CTQ, is a valid screening instrument for retrospective assessment of child maltreatment in the general population. 7.People in my family hit me so hard that it left me with bruises or marks. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén; 2012. Evaluation of model fit indices for latent variable models with categorical and continuous outcomes. The three items comprising the Minimization/Denial scale are dichotomized (“never” = 0, all other responses = 1) and summed; a total of one (1) or greater “suggests the possible underreporting of maltreatment (false negatives)” (Bernstein & Fink, 1998, p. 18). Within the last five years JMF received research funding from the European Union (EU), German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the German Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), several state ministries of social affairs, State Foundation Baden-Württemberg, Volkswagen Foundation, Porticus Foundation, European Academy, Pontifical Gregorian University, CJD, Caritas, Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. PubMed Central  It can be given again months after the first time to help verify the results from individual respondents. Atasoy S, Johar H, Fleischer T, Beutel M, Binder H, Braehler E, Schomerus G, Zöller D, Kruse J, Ladwig KH. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00506-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00506-6. Am J Preventive Med. My parents were too drunk or high to take care of the family. Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). A range of measures is available for the retrospective assessment of child maltreatment. Chicago, IL 60604 USA Someone threatened me unless I did something sexual. Bauer JJ. © 2020 - 2023 The Human Condition Collective, Inc. All Rights Reserved. As shown in Fig. The correlations between the items and the respective subscale ranged between r = 0.55 and r = 0.87. Factor loadings and the corresponding CTQ items are presented Table 1. Compared with the one-factor model, the suggested two-factor model fits the data better, as indicated by robust fit indices CFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.041, and the 90% confidence interval for RMSEA = 0.029–0.053 (model 1 in Table 4). It is worth noting that such ultra-short measures do not have psychometric properties comparable to longer measures such as the CTQ. Such brief screening instruments can economically assess covariates in studies or in stepped diagnostical approaches [12]. Article  Factorial validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in men and women. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods may be optimal for the acquisition of sensitive childhood trauma information with wary and vulnerable street populations. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. A total of 9453 valid addresses were identified (4360 in 2013 and 5093 in 2016). Factor analysis tests on the five-factor CTQ model showed structural invariance which demonstrate good validity. (1994). The purpose of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of a verbal, face-to-face administration of the CTQ with a sample of female street-based sex workers. 1999;6(1):1–55. This site is designed for information purposes only and does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The DERS is a brief, 36-item, self-report questionnaire designed to assess multiple aspects of emotion dysregulation. These ratings may be a reflection of the substantial minority of women (42%) who minimized their trauma histories, according to the Minimization/Denial scale. The correlation between the two factors (see Fig. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The data can be used to compare sample or individual results with reference data provided. The Human Condition. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Cross loading of many CTQ items onto more than one factor most likely produced the poor CFA fit, and indicated that abuse/neglect constructs were not conceptually distinct for our sample. Completing it is optional. 2023 Apr 5;14:1115129. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1115129. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health. Childhood Trauma Survey Questions Template is designed by experts. In: Gabler S, Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik JHP, editors. El-Bassel N, Witte SS, Wada T, Gilbert L, Wallace J. Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: Substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks. Grabe HJ, Schulz A, Schmidt CO, Appel K, Driessen M, Wingenfeld K, et al. My family was a source of strength and support. National Library of Medicine In contrast, the abuse subscale showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73) [28]. A valid, quick and widely applicable retrospective screening tool for child maltreatment is of great importance to better adapt interventions and treatments. According to the CTQ Minimization/Denial scale, 42% of participants minimized their childhood maltreatment experiences. In short, the story of a too easily triggered amygdala impacting on threat appraisal and emotional self . They fulfilled the ethical guidelines of the International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice of the International Chamber of Commerce and the European Society of Opinion and Marketing Research. A recent prevalence study of child maltreatment in the German general population based on the CTQ [32] reports prevalence rates for at least moderate severity. When Is the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Used? This finding is in accordance with prior research demonstrating that childhood sexual abuse among female sex workers may be the most problematic experience of early maltreatment. These results suggest that the sexual abuse item may be less sensitive to sexual abuse assessment than when sexual abuse is assessed with more items. Exposing the “pretty woman” myth: A qualitative examination of the lives of female streetwalking prostitutes. Leeb RT, Paulozzi L, Melanson C, Simon T, Arias I. 151-163). Fifty-four percent (54%) of women self-identified as African American, 31% as Hispanic/Latina, 11% as Caucasian, and 4% as Other. Objective Aligning theoretical framework, gathering articles, synthesizing gaps, articulating a clear methodology and data plan, and writing about the theoretical and practical implications of your research are part of our comprehensive dissertation editing services. 25.There was someone to take me to the doctor if I needed it. Weaknesses of the present study include the relatively small sample size, which prohibited CTQ item manipulation and further data exploration. Kish L. A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household. It is less likely that this can be interpreted as an actual change in prevalence rates or that it is due to a change in social norms. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein & Fink, 1998) is a standardized self-report inventory that measures the severity of five different types of childhood trauma and participants’ tendency to underreport maltreatment. Stein JA, Leslie MB, Nyamathi A. Mean trauma scores did not differ significantly from published scores for female substance abusers. Early sexual experience and prostitution. More Childhood Attachment and Relational Trauma Screen A subsample was used to examine convergent validity with the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE). Curiously, despite very widespread use of the CTQ, scores on its Minimization-Denial (MD) subscale—originally designed to assess a positive response bias—are rarely reported. Glaesmer H. Assessing childhood maltreatment on the population level in Germany: findings and methodological challenges. What Does the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Measure? In line with the analyses of the total sample, the comparison for the gender subgroups also indicated a two-factor solution to fit the data best. The self-report includes a 28-item test that measures 5 types of maltreatment - emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and validate the CTS based on two representative samples and provide normative data. These areas were then first layered regionally according to districts into a total of around 1500 regional layers and then divided into 128 disjunct “networks”. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. © 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The reliable, valid and economic assessment of early traumatization: first psychometric characteristics of the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE). Epub 2012 Mar 15. Adequate internal reliability was found for the five clinical scales and marginal internal reliability for the Minimization/Denial scale. Childhood abuse and neglect in severely dependent female addicts: Homogeneity and reliability of a Swedish version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010. Springer Nature. Setting a cut-off of at least 3 in the present study results to comparable rates, with 18.6% for emotional neglect, 25.1% for physical neglect, 10.1% for physical abuse, 8.8% for emotional abuse, with the exception of sexual abuse with a rate of 3.8%. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Steinhövelstr.1, 89075, Ulm, Germany, Andreas Witt, Yusuf Öz, Cedric Sachser & Jörg M. Fegert, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, You can also search for this author in This tension between numbing and hyperarousal is consistent with the bimodal distribution of the Sexual and Physical Abuse item scores, wherein participants reported that such abuse either “never” or “very often” occurred.
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